Journal of Sinology was established in 2007 by Sirindhorn Chinese Language and Culture Centre, Mae Fah Luang University. Jsino publishes articles in Thai, Chinese and English, intending to provide a platform for researchers in Chinese studies to share their innovative research.
Sirindhorn Chinese Language and Culture Centre & School of Sinology, Mae Fah Luang University
Book Review: “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China”
A Study of Code-Switching in Bilingual Chinese Language Instruction
This study aims to examine the forms, characteristics, functions, and communicative behaviors of code-switching used by Chinese language teachers in bilingual teaching contexts. The research employs a qualitative approach using content analysis to decode the alternation between Chinese and Thai languages in teaching materials, focusing on the HSK 1 instructional videos as the primary data source. A total of 42 video clips, with a combined duration of 507 minutes, covering 15 lessons, were analyzed. The research instruments included a transcription form, a code-switching coding table, and a content analysis sheet to classify the types of code-switching according to linguistic structure and pedagogical context. The findings reveal that code-switching plays a crucial role in facilitating learners’ comprehension, particularly at the beginner level where students have limited Chinese proficiency. Three main types of code-switching were identified: intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag switching. Each type serves different communicative and instructional purposes, such as explaining vocabulary and sentence structures, emphasizing key content, and establishing positive teacher-student interaction. Furthermore, the study indicates that teachers strategically use code-switching to manage classroom dynamics, foster engagement, and reduce students’ anxiety when learning a foreign language. Code-switching thus functions not only as a linguistic tool for delivering meaning but also as a pedagogical strategy that enhances learning effectiveness in Thai-Chinese bilingual classrooms. The findings highlight the importance of designing instructional materials that maintain a balance between Chinese and Thai and of providing teacher training programs that promote the purposeful and systematic use of code-switching to support sustainable language development among learners.
A Comparative Study of International and Thai Standards for Defining the Competency Framework of Secondary School Chinese Language Teachers in Thailand
In the context of the growing global popularity of the Chinese language, Thailand—particularly at the secondary education level—has witnessed a continuous expansion in Chinese language teaching and learning. This development has heightened the importance of Chinese language teachers, especially in terms of teaching competencies that genuinely prepare them to become Chinese language specialists. This study aims to: (1) compare the teacher competency assessment manual of the Office of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC) with the international professional standards for teachers of Chinese as a foreign language; (2) synthesize a competency framework for Chinese language teachers that aligns with the Thai educational context; and (3) develop an assessment tool that can be practically applied in schools. A qualitative research methodology was employed, involving document analysis and the design of a competency assessment tool based on the Competency Model. The framework integrates the strengths of both the OBEC manual and the international standards to formulate a behavior-based competency framework. The study presents five key domains of teacher-specific competencies: language proficiency, professional knowledge, communication and instructional management skills, intercultural competence, and self-development and professional ethics. These domains provide a comprehensive and contextually relevant framework for evaluating Chinese language teachers in Thailand, serving as a foundational reference for teacher development, training programs, and future policy formulation.
Professional Standards for Teachers of Chinese as a Foreign Language
China and Thailand Partnership in Center for Geo-informatics
China and Thailand have a long outstanding high-level diplomacy relationship in science and technology. In 2007, Her Royal Highness Thai Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn presided over the opening ceremony for the joint “Sirindhorn International Center for Geo-informatics” at Wuhan University. Additionally, Wuhan University and Ministry of Science and Technology of Thailand signed a Memorandum of Understanding, launching cooperation on the establishment of the joint “Sirindhorn International Center for Geo-informatics” in Thailand. The State Key Lab of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing of Wuhan University of China and Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency of Thailand were responsible for implementing the Memorandum of Understanding. In March 2015, a significant event took place in the presence of Her Royal Highness Thai Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn and two countries high-level officials in the opening ceremony for the joint “Sirindhorn International Center for Geo-informatics” in Thailand. The cooperation between the two countries further expanded in 2017 when Wuhan University, Burapha University of Thailand, and Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency signed a Memorandum of Understanding on “Sirindhorn International Center for Geo-informatics” Master Program. The highlight of the program is the scholarship program for Thais and international students from Southeast Asia, who wish to pursue doctoral research in the field of surveying and mapping in China. Moreover, China and Thailand agreed to organize Sirindhorn Conferences on Geo-Informatics jointly. Wuhan University and Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency have successfully held three Sirindhorn Conferences on Geo-Informatics. The latest conference was attended by more than 70 participants from 20 organizations in 10 countries. Nowadays, the joint “Sirindhorn International Center for Geo-informatics” has continuously succeeded in forming the fundamental collaboration between researchers in both countries. Numerous exchange research projects led to the positive satisfactory development of bilateral trade and investment between China and ASEAN countries.
The Joint Sirindhorn International Center for Geo-informatics
A Study of Chinese Vocabulary Learning Strategies in Chinese Language Learning Applications
The objective of this research is to study Chinese vocabulary learning strategies employed in three Chinese language learning applications: SuperTest, HelloChinese, and ChineseSkill. The study adopts a descriptive research design. The research instruments include data collection and exercise analysis forms, which were developed based on Oxford’s (1990) theory of language learning strategies. This study focuses on three types of direct learning strategies: memory strategies, cognitive strategies, and compensation strategies. After analyzing the collected exercises, the findings reveal that there are a total of 73 exercises across the three applications. Among these, exercises that promote memory strategies account for the highest proportion, followed by those that promote cognitive strategies, while exercises related to compensation strategies are the least common. Additionally, exercises that integrate multiple learning strategies constitute about half of all exercises in each application. The results indicate that SuperTest, HelloChinese, and ChineseSkill can serve as effective tools for vocabulary learning, particularly in enhancing memory skills. These applications are suitable for practice and review outside the classroom, complementing teacher-led instruction rather than replacing it. Based on the findings, it is recommended that these applications be tested with real learners to confirm their effectiveness. Furthermore, future research could explore other aspects of the applications’ effectiveness to provide a more comprehensive understanding of their educational potential.
An Investigation into Thai University Students’ Recognition Ability of Chinese Character Forms
A systematic investigation of 67 Thai university students, via a paper-based writing test, revealed significant difficulties in their recognition of Chinese character forms. Participants demonstrated marked deficiencies in distinguishing subtle stroke variations, identifying component variants, and comprehending complex structural configurations. We argue that these challenges stem primarily from a curriculum that overemphasizes the historical origin and evolution of Chinese characters, while neglecting systematic instruction in the principles of character configuration. To address these issues, this study advocates for a pedagogical shift towards fostering learners' metalinguistic awareness of strokes and components and establishing an integrated instructional framework that progresses systematically from strokes to components and then to overall structure. Embedding the application of Chinese character configuration theory is expected to significantly enhance students' character recognition and writing performance.
Thematic Tendencies in Heteronymous Ci-Tune Titles Sharing the Niannu Jiao Prosodic Pattern
This study investigates the thematic selection tendencies in the original and heteronymous forms of the Niannu Jiao ci-tune title. It not only contributes to understanding the flexible adoption of tune-title variants by classical Chinese poets across diverse themes but also reveals the evolution of topic selection and its underlying cultural determinants, providing theoretical foundations and creative insights for contemporary classical-style poetry composition. Based on traditional literary theory and employing modern scientific research methods, this study explores both the synchronic and diachronic dimensions of thematic distribution in the Niannu Jiao tune title and its variants, aiming to elucidate the relationship between thematic content, tune-title nomenclature, and changing literary trends across historical periods. Drawing on a literature review and statistical analysis of 2,205 extant ci poems composed under the original Niannu Jiao title and its 18 heteronymous variants, with metadata on authorship and chronological distribution, the study classifies each work according to 35 thematic categories and conducts quantitative comparisons of their dynastic distribution. The findings reveal distinct thematic preferences: the original Niannu Jiao title is mainly associated with topics of object depiction, celebration, and social interaction, whereas several heteronymous titles tend toward landscape and religious themes. These tendencies correlate closely with the semantic connotations of the tune titles and show observable variation over time. The research scope is limited to extant and verifiable works, and the small sample size of certain heteronymous titles may affect statistical precision. Additionally, subjective interpretation and the complexity of genre classification present methodological constraints. Future research may employ multi-topic modeling to achieve deeper thematic analysis.
Strategic Diplomacy in Thailand-China Relations
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a Chinese initiative aimed at promoting economic, trade, and infrastructure connectivity among various countries worldwide. Thailand is one of the countries affected by this initiative. Therefore, this research aims to analyze Thailand’s strategic diplomatic responses to the BRI, assesses its economic, political, and security impacts on Thailand–China bilateral relations, and proposes policy recommendations to maximize national benefits. The qualitative research collected data from academic documents, research papers, articles, conference summaries, and various media sources The study found that under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Thailand has adopted a strategic diplomacy framework to safeguard its national interests, consisting of four main approaches: (1) geopolitical balancing, by maintaining strong relations with China while cooperating with other major powers; (2) economic diplomacy, through promoting trade, investment, and large-scale infrastructure, using economic cooperation as a bargaining tool; (3) innovation diplomacy, via public–private partnerships (PPP) and support for technology and innovation to enhance project value; and (4) cultural and social diplomacy, to foster mutual understanding and trust among peoples. The BRI impacts Thailand’s economy, politics, and security. Policy recommendations include ensuring investment transparency with accountable mechanisms and public participation, implementing strict environmental measures and promoting clean technology, diversifying economic risks through broader trade cooperation, and maintaining balanced international relations to prevent geopolitical conflicts.
The Application of the Production-Oriented Approach in Vocabulary Teaching for Elementary Comprehensive Chinese Courses in Thailand
Guided by the theory of the Production-Oriented Approach, this study focuses on the Chinese major students at University of Phayao in Thailand, designing and applying a teaching approach to the vocabulary section of Lesson 13 in Developing Chinese: Elementary Comprehensive II. The research employs literature review, survey analysis, and statistical methods to explore the practical value of the Production-Oriented Approach in Chinese language teaching in Thailand. Teaching performance was evaluated through comparative analysis of test scores and questionnaire surveys, with data processed using SPSSPRO statistical software. The results indicate that, compared to traditional vocabulary teaching methods, the Production-Oriented Approach demonstrates significant advantages and leads to more effective teaching outcomes. Based on these findings, this study provides specific suggestions for vocabulary instruction in elementary-level comprehensive courses, focusing on teaching design, teacher capacity building, textbook selection, and teaching assessment. These recommendations aim to offer new insights for future research on international Chinese teaching in Thailand.
Never Forget Its Source When You Drink the Water: To the Upcoming 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Thailand and China
Geographically and culturally connected to each other for thousands of years, China and Thailand have shared their time-honored and deep-rooted friendships by both inter-state communications and nongovernmental exchanges as well. As modern states, these two countries have been forging their relationships, expanding their bilateral interactions and extending their cooperations in politics, economy, military, culture, education, tourism and other fields for almost a half of a century by July 1st, next year, i.e., the 50th anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Thailand and China. Despite belonging respectively to two distinctive social systems, maintaining close coordination and communications in both regional and international affairs, China and Thailand have become a good example of the harmonious coexistence, win-win cooperation and mutual development among countries with different social systems. Being good neighbors, friends, relatives and partners, China and Thailand are developing a promising bilateral relation with huge potentials.
This qualitative research aims to examine the semiotic meanings of religious and philosophical beliefs depicted in the Chinese animation White Snake. Using the theory of semiology, the study analyzes data collected from two main characters, Xiao Bai (小白) and A Xuan (阿轩). The study found that the semiotic meanings of beliefs can be categorized into two aspects: (1) verbal signs, which convey beliefs associated with Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; and (2) non-verbal signs, including scenes, objects, and animals, which represent four key themes: ancient Chinese astrology and cosmology; mystical powers of objects and animals (e.g., jade hairpins, Hu (Chinese talismans), and Taoist mounts); beliefs rooted in Taoism and Confucianism; and the concept of immortality. The study shows that Buddhist beliefs are communicated solely through verbal signs, while Confucian and Taoist beliefs are expressed through both verbal and non-verbal elements. Furthermore, the research highlights that animations based on Chinese folktales often integrate Buddhist beliefs (Mahayana Buddhism), and that symbolic animals in Chinese belief systems extend beyond dragons, encompassing a diverse range of creatures.
Curriculum Development for a Bachelor of Education Program (4-Year Program) in Teaching Chinese Language, School of Sinology, Mae Fah Luang University
This research aimed to achieve three objectives: (1) to examine the needs of stakeholders regarding the Bachelor of Education in Teaching Chinese Language at the School of Sinology, Mae Fah Luang University; (2) to create and refine the curriculum; and (3) to assess the quality of the curriculum. The research adopted a descriptive approach, collecting data from two groups. The first group comprised five experts in education and Chinese, nine full-time faculty members, 26 program graduates, and 186 current students who voluntarily participated. The second group consisted of three curriculum evaluators: one representative from the Teachers' Council of Thailand and two Chinese language teaching experts, selected via purposive sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed using mean, standard deviations, and the PNImodified index, while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis method. The results showed that: 1) Stakeholders identified significant gaps between the current state and the ideal state of the curriculum, highlighting a critical need to enhance content, skills, and student competencies. 2) The 138-credit Bachelor of Education program was revised following recommendations from three experts, focusing on five key components. 3) The curriculum evaluation concluded that the program met the necessary standards in terms of accuracy, relevance, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness.
Study of the Sequencing of Verb Modifiers and Verbs in both Chinese and Thai Languages Using the Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS)
This study addresses the challenge of understanding the word order of verb modifiers and verbs in Chinese, an area complicated by numerous intricate rules that often hinder learners. By applying the Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS), this research aims to reduce the burden of memorization and comprehension for learners. The specific objectives are: 1) to analyze the word order in Chinese sentences containing a single verb modifier and verb through the application of PTS, and 2) to investigate the word order in sentences with multiple verb modifiers and verbs using the same principle. This qualitative study builds on prior research that explored PTS and collects 875 sample sentences from Developing Chinese Elementary Comprehensive Course I (2nd Edition) 发展汉语初级综合I第二版 and Developing Chinese Elementary Comprehensive Course II (2nd Edition) 发展汉语初级综合II第二版 to delineate the scope of PTS application. The findings reveal that: 1) the majority of Chinese sentences with a single verb modifier and verb (15 out of 17 categories) follow the word order predicted by PTS, and 2) most Chinese sentences with multiple verb modifiers and verbs (24 out of 26 categories) also conform to the PTS framework. The implications of these findings can assist beginner-level Chinese learners in reducing the cognitive burden of memorizing complex word order rules for verb modifiers and verbs.
The Principle of Temporal Sequence (PTS)
A Comparative Analysis of the Corresponding Characteristics between Chinese “地” Structure and Thai Serial Verb Construction
The Thai serial verb construction is a parallel structure to the Chinese “地” construction. According to the collected data, the adverbial clause following “地” can function as either the first or second predicate in the Thai serial verb construction. The use of the serial verb construction in this correspondence can be either optional or obligatory. This structure differs from the more common pattern of a verb followed by an adverbial clause. Whether the Thai serial verb construction can correspond to the “地” construction depends on several factors, such as the type of word or phrase functioning as the adverbial, the use of adverbial markers, the principle of temporal sequence, and adverbial semantic orientation.
An Exploration of Wedding Issues in Taiwan-America Cross-Cultural Teaching:
The wedding preparation process and customs are culturally oriented, but are rarely the subject of cross-cultural discussion. In this study, we used the cross-cultural theory of contrast analysis, textual analysis method combined with media teaching method. Through the plot and lines of the film, it presents different views on marriage and family under different cultural models. Taiwan film “The Wonderful Wedding”, presents cumbersome wedding customs in a humorous way. The American film “Bride Wars”, was even adapted into a Chinese film of the same name. The two films show the differences in customs, expenses, and marriage. Among them, the Eastern bride price, the matchmaker and the western something four rituals are a unique feature of the wedding ceremony. Through these elements, the cultural meanings behind them are dissected. In recent years, cross-cultural film teaching has gradually risen, and this research intends to focus on the analysis of the wedding theme of movie and derive it to the design of lesson plans. The target audience is adult learners with European and American cultural backgrounds and intermediate Chinese language skills, with a view to integrating their own experiences and life experiences for reflection. Hope that this research can serve as a reference for Chinese teachers in the future teaching of marriage issues, so that second language learners can understand the multicultural differences in different societies.
This paper begins by tracing the trajectory of urban narratives in modern and contemporary Chinese literature, exploring their evolution and thematic concerns. In this context, “city” and “woman” have often been central narrative themes for female writers, who attempt to establish an emotional connection between the two. The study focuses on Chi Li's novel Her City, with particular emphasis on the emotional narratives of urban women. It analyzes the isomorphic relationship between the history of women’s emotions and urban history, demonstrating how the presence of women shapes the cityscape and reflects their inner subjectivity. In the novel, as China's reform and opening-up policies and modernization progress, women’s commercial abilities and fashion choices are vividly portrayed. Simultaneously, the opportunities and material abundance brought about by urban development provide urban women with a platform to express themselves and realize their self-worth. This freedom of choice becomes a crucial part of their identity construction. Moreover, sisterhood, as a key theme in the novel, represents not only a mutually supportive emotional bond among women but also an expression of moral obligation and social responsibility. Through the depiction of conflicts and disputes between Mijie and Fengchun, Chi Li challenges the idealized concept of “unconditional” mutual love promoted by the feminist movement, emphasizing the importance and complexity of authentic emotional experience.
An Analysis of the Status and Roles of Foot Binding Women in Chinese Families from the English Novel Translated into Thai “Snow Flower and the Secret Fan”
This research is a qualitative study that examines the status and roles of women subjected to foot binding, using the theoretical framework of binary opposition between the domestic and public spheres. It aims to analyze the status and roles of Foot binding women in the families of the female protagonists Baihe and Xuehua from the translated Thai version of the English novel Snow Flower and the Secret Fan. Data were collected and analyzed from books, articles, and relevant academic research. The findings indicate that cultural values and ethical norms surrounding foot binding play a significant role in shaping the identities and societal expectations of the two protagonists. Their roles are categorized into three stages: (1) as daughters, they are expected to obey their parents and remain confined to household duties, without access to education or participation in public life; (2) as wives, they are obligated to serve their husbands’ families and manage domestic responsibilities, with their status largely determined by their ability to bear sons; and (3) as mothers, they are responsible for maintaining the household and raising children, with particular emphasis placed on producing male heirs. This Study highlights that the ethical and cultural perspectives on foot binding are key variables in determining the restricted status and roles of women in traditional Chinese society, as reflected through the experiences of the two main characters.
Symbolic Meanings of Ritual Objects in Thai and Chinese Horror Films
The article examines the symbolic meanings of ritual objects in Thai and Chinese horror films, focusing on their representation of each nation’s cultural and religious contexts, as well as the role of material culture in spiritual practices, using Cultural Relativism and Comparative Studies Theory as frameworks. The study explores six films—three from Thailand and three from China—and reveals that Thai films emphasize Buddhist practices, while Chinese films reflect influences from Confucianism, Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, and folk beliefs. The study highlights similarities and differences in these representations, offering a foundation for further study on ritual objects in film.
The Decade of “Belt and Road Initiative” and the Promotion of Chinese Language Education
Since 2013, when the People's Republic of China announced the “Belt and Road initiative”, it has driven and linked itself to various regions, including Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America. Over the past decade, this initiative has promoted the expansion and continuous development of Chinese language education in these regions. This effort is part of a broader plan known as "people-to-people bonds," which is one of the five major initiatives under the “Belt and Road initiative”. This plan focuses on supporting and developing Chinese language education, believing that teaching Chinese will lead to a correct understanding of China and benefit the strategy's implementation. Thus, Chinese language education serves as a bridge towards sustainable connections between countries and plays a crucial role in the “Belt and Road initiative”. Therefore, educational institutions and institutes that offer Chinese language courses should take advantage of this opportunity to find ways to develop and adapt their teaching methods in response to changing economic conditions.
A Study of Naming Chinese Shop Signs in Sing Buri Province
Sing Buri Province is renowned for its cultural heritage, particularly the legendary heroism of the Bang Rachan villagers, which is widely known among the Thai people. The province has a significant population of Thai-Chinese residents, primarily engaged in business within urban areas. This research aims to 1. Survey Chinese-language shop names in Sing Buri Province. And 2. Analyze the linguistic structure and word formation of shop name signage. The study focuses on four districts: Mueang Sing Buri, In Buri, Phrom Buri, and Khai Bang Rachan. A field survey was conducted, collecting data from a total of 51 Chinese-language shop signs. The research methodology involved on-site data collection using a structured survey form. The findings indicate that: 1. The most common type of Chinese-language shop names in Sing Buri Province belongs to restaurants and beverage shops. 2. The most frequently used naming structure is the compound structure, incorporating elements such as personal names, family names, business types, organizational forms, transliterated words, auspicious words, and location indicators, accounting for 76.47% of the shop names. The second most common structure is the single-word structure, found in 12 shop names, representing 23.53% of all collected signs. Regarding the color of shop sign lettering, the most popular colors are gold or yellow, white, and red, each carrying distinct symbolic meanings. Additionally, most shop names are written in traditional Chinese characters, with a right-to-left and top-to-bottom reading order. Many shop names include auspicious words to convey blessings for business prosperity.
Errors and Characteristics of Chinese Preposition “Zai” Acquisition by Thai Learners
“Zai” is one of the most commonly used prepositions in Chinese, but it has high error rate and complicated error types. The study on the errors in Thai learners’ Chinese preposition “Zai” acquisition can help Thai learners overcome the learning difficulties and provide reference for teaching. The purpose of this study is to collect examples of errors in Thai learners’ acquisition of Chinese prepositions “Zai” from a Chinese interlanguage corpus, to describe the characteristics of errors in Thai learners’ acquisition of Chinese prepositions “Zai” , to investigate the factors affecting the generalization of target language rules, negative transfer of mother tongue and teaching materials, so as to explore the causes of errors. Finally, based on the research results and analysis, the author puts forward some suggestions on teaching Chinese prepositions “Zai” for Thai learners, hoping to provide reference for teaching and relevant research.
A Study on the Discourse of the Ancient Central Plains State Power to Maintain Influence via “Tianxia” Ideology in the Chinese Novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"
This article aims to study and analyze the discourse of state power in the ancient Central Plains or the Huaxia people to maintain their influence over other ethnic groups in the Chinese novel “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” by using the Critical Discourse Analysis approach to study the language strategies used in the construction of discourse about ethnics, as well as to analyze the ideology reflected through such discourse. The results found that the text in chapters 87-91, in which Zhuge Liang led the army to conquer the south and adopted the strategy of capturing and releasing Meng Huo seven times, reproduces the so-called "Hua-Yi Distinction" discourse, which referred to the differences between the Huaxia (or Han) people and the surrounding non-Han barbarians, and reflected the ideology of Tianxia or the world under the sky which supports a monarchical form of state power centered around Huaxia and emphasizes the Confucian ritual culture, thus placing Huaxia in a dominant position compared to other surrounding ethnic groups. As for the above-mentioned language strategies used for constructing the “Hua-Yi distinction” discourse under the ideology of Tianxia, we found that the novel “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” uses a variety of language strategies, such as word choice, reference, storytelling, analogy, metaphor, simile, hyperbole, etc.
Research on English Translation Strategies for Yi Ethnic Proverbs in Yi Ethnic Proverbs Translation in Liangshan
Yi ethnic culture is an integral part of Chinese culture, and Yi ethnic proverbs are one of its symbols. The "going out" of national culture is not only a national strategy, but also a necessity for integrating national culture into global culture. Translation has built a “bridge” for national culture to reach the world. Rooted in daily life and practices of the Yi ethnic people, the Yi proverbs are rich in content and offer both unique national insights and universal philosophical wisdom. Giving the lack of research on the English translation of Yi ethnic proverbs by Chinese scholars, this paper selects examples from Yi Ethnic Proverbs Translation in Liangshan (Chinese version) as its subject of study. Based on relevant translation theories, it explores English translation practices to discuss the translation methods of culture-loaded words in Yi ethnic proverbs and how to best reproduce the national cultural characteristics embedded in them. The results show that foreignization is the primary strategy for translating Yi ethnic proverbs. Methods such as literal translation, transliteration and annotation can be used to fully highlight the linguistic and cultural features of the source language, while maintaining the meaning equivalence. Additionally, the domestication strategy, complemented by free translation and set translation, can bring the translation closer to the readers and enhance the text’s readability.
A Review of the Validity and Reliability of Chinese Oral Test in the Past Two Decades
With the growing demand for teaching and assessment of Chinese as a Second Language, oral proficiency testing has received heightened attention as a key component affecting educational quality. Oral Chinese Test of international Chinese education is becoming more and more important nowadays due to the implementation of the Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Education. This paper reviews the literature on Chinese oral proficiency testing research since the beginning of the 21st century, analyzing the dynamics and progress of validity and reliability studies within this domain. The study selects relevant literature from authoritative databases for analysis and uses a literature review method to organize and assess the scientific rigor and reliability of various oral proficiency tests. The results indicate that while Chinese oral proficiency testing has progressively refined its scoring systems and criteria based on the principles of comprehensiveness and communicativeness, there remains room for improvement in the practical operation regarding validity and reliability. Further optimization is needed through diversified research methodologies. The paper suggests that future research should delve into the scope of applicability, evaluation standards, and technical support of Chinese oral proficiency testing to enhance its overall quality.
The Zhang Yuanbian's Practical Philosophy
The scholarly emphasis within the domain of Chinese intellectual history has progressively transitioned from an examination of Wang Yangming's philosophy to an exploration of post-Yangming school studies, particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties. This shift has led to a burgeoning interest in the philosophical contributions of figures such as Nie Shuangjiang, Luo Nianan, Wang Ji, Wang Gen, and Li Zhi, with new research continually emerging. However, there remains a significant academic void concerning other pivotal representatives of the post-Yangming school, including Zhang Yuanbian, whose work has been largely overlooked. Zhang Yuanbian's practical philosophy, encapsulated within his philosophy, is a critical component of his intellectual framework. An investigation reveals that Zhang Yuanbian's practical philosophy is composed of various interrelated concepts, each with its own logical genesis. This paper posits that the application of certain technical methodologies can elucidate the discourse and intertextual references within his work, thereby revealing the comprehensive structure and developmental trajectories of his ideas. This approach integrates the cultural heritage and individual insights inherent in the understanding of Zhang Yuanbian's philosophy. Consequently, Zhang Yuanbian's practical philosophy is recognized as a synthesis of Confucian practice tradition and Wang Yangming's doctrine of the "unity of knowledge and action." and it plays a unique role and possesses unique historical significance in the history of thought. This study not only bridges the gap in the academic discourse on Zhang Yuanbian's thought but also offers a novel perspective and theoretical insights into the evolution of psychological studies and the contemporary interpretation of ancient Chinese philosophy.
A Comparative Analysis of Business Chinese Textbooks in Thailand
This research aims to analyze and compare 5 Business Chinese textbooks: Business Chinese 1, Business Chinese (for Thai learners), Business Chinese Conversation 1, Business Chinese Conversation 2, and Business Chinese Conversation 3. A comparative study based on standard benchmark the《商务汉语考试大纲》curriculum. Business Chinese language proficiency test to analyze and compare, divided into 2 main parts. Part 1 is a comparative analysis of the content of business activities, divided into 2 sub-parts 1.) Analyze for dividing the level of knowledge and ability in Chinese Business (商务汉语考试等级标准)found that textbooks Business Chinese Conversation 1, Business Chinese Conversation 2, and Business Chinese Conversation 3 have content levels Classification Standards Level 1 and Level 2. Business Chinese Conversation 1 and Business Chinese (for Thai learners) are at level 3 and level 4. 2.) Analyze the scope of content related to the criteria for measuring and evaluating the ability to communicate in business(商务交际能力项目). 2.1) Business communication in life (生活类) found that Business communication in life vocabulary appears in many textbooks: Business Chinese Conversation 1, Business Chinese Conversation 2, and Business Chinese Conversation 3. 2.2) Business Communication (业务类)found that Business Communication vocabulary appears in the textbook Business Chinese 1 and Business Chinese (for Thai students) the most. Part 2 is a comparative analysis of textbooks into 3 aspects: 1) Structure found that all 5 Business Chinese textbooks emphasize conversation as the main lesson. 2) Vocabulary in this study based on vocabulary standards “BCT Business Chinese Test (A)” and “BCT Business Chinese Test (B)” found that all 5 Business Chinese textbooks contained vocabulary that are not in the syllabus than those in the syllabus. 3) Exercise has appropriate exercises except Business Chinese Conversation 1, Business Chinese Conversation 2, and Business Chinese Conversation 3 which have only one exercise format and are not appropriate for reviewing students' knowledge. From this research, Guidelines for writing business Chinese textbooks at the higher education level can be summarized as follows: 1. There should be a comprehensive and systematic arrangement of textbook writing sequences. 2. The number of vocabularies should be at an average level that is equal to the curriculum criteria Business Chinese Test. 3. There is comprehensive business communication content according to criteria for measuring and evaluating business communication abilities according to the standard knowledge level of the students and the content is up-to-date and accurate. 4. The number of questions and the format of the exercises should be appropriate.
The Study of the Structure and Meaning of the Word “走 (zǒu)” as a Component in Chinese Language
The research aims to study the structure of the Chinese words that have the word “走(zǒu)” as a component, and to study the meaning of the word “走(zǒu)” in the words as well as to analyze the relation between the structure and the meaning of the words that are consisted of “走(zǒu)” The result of the study shows that the grammatical structures of the words that are consisted of the word “走(zǒu)” both in the form of “走+X” and “X+走” cam be categorized in 4 groups which are verb – object, verb – complement, extension – main word, and parallel structures. The verb – object structure is the main format structure of the words that are consisted of “走(zǒu)” From the study of the meaning of the word “走(zǒu)” as a component, it shows that there are 18 different meanings which are 1) the action of moving forward of human, land animals, and bird, 2) to run, 3) to walk quickly, 4) to move, to be moved, and the occurrence of movement, 5) the tendency and the possibilities of something, 6) to leave, 7) to go, 8) to escape, 9) to visit, 10) the leak or to transpire, 11) to change or losing the original form, 12) to be not accurate or distorted, 13) to mistake or fault, 14) to travel, 15) to wander, 16)to do something, to carry out, or to act, 17) to meet or to run into something, and 18) to transport or to deliver. The study also discovers 5 groups of the meanings which are not included in the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary and Chángyòng gòucí zìdiǎn which are the meaning in group 3, 12, 13, 15, and 18. The result of the study of the structure and meaning of the words with “走(zǒu)” as a component suggests that the structure and meaning are significantly related for instance, the structure of verb – object (走+Noun) with same type of object tend to have relatively the same meaning.
The Development of Chinese Language Learning Package by Using the Recreational Activity Songs
The objectives of this research were to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a Chinese language learning package using recreational activity songs and to study students' satisfaction after using these songs in Chinese language learning. The sample group, obtained through simple random sampling, consisted of 26 minor Chinese language students from the Faculty of Humanities, Naresuan University, during the 2021 academic year. The study employed three research instruments: six Chinese-translated recreational songs, a 30-item multiple-choice pre-test and post-test to assess Chinese vocabulary and grammar knowledge, and a satisfaction questionnaire. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in students' test scores after using the learning package (p < .05). The pre-test mean score was 21.07, while the post-test mean score increased to 27.78, demonstrating the effectiveness of the recreational songs in enhancing Chinese language learning. Additionally, students reported high satisfaction with the learning package, with an overall mean satisfaction score of 4.26 out of 5.00. The song that received the highest satisfaction rating was “Apple, Papaya, Banana, Orange” (mean = 4.48), particularly for its effectiveness in vocabulary memorization. The findings suggest that incorporating recreational songs into Chinese language teaching can effectively improve students' language skills and create an engaging learning environment, particularly for vocabulary acquisition and retention.
Application of "Trinity Grammar" in Grammatical Interpretation of TCFL Textbooks
Based on the "Trinity Grammar" teaching system, this paper divides the functions and characteristics of the more flexible Bi sentence with "V/Adj.+ de" in the sentence pattern. In order to know more specifically the learners' mastery of this grammar point and their use of teaching materials, this paper designs three questionnaires on different test questions and the use of grammatical definitions in teaching materials, and makes a relevant investigation on Thai Chinese learners. From the survey results, we conclude that the typical mistakes of learners mainly include: students add adverbs of degree after "de", the words they choose don't conform to the rules of this sentence, they haven't mastered the verb copy yet, and the words they choose don't conform to the logical relationship of the whole sentence. Finally, the view will design the internal functions of Trinity Grammar, combined with the answers to this questionnaire. According to this part, it can be divided into four dimensions: typical context, typical object meaning, typical comparison action and typical comparison content. These four dimensions are based on highlighting the characteristics of grammar items and learners' common cognition, so that teaching users can understand the internal relationship of the sentence pattern with "V/Adj.+ de" through these typical components, and at the same time, suggestions are put forward for improving the grammatical interpretation of Chinese as a tool for foreign language teaching resources.
Grammatical interpretation of teaching materials
Role Model of “Good” or “Highly Esteemed" People in the Chinese Didactic Literary Work “Caigen tan” and the Thai Didactic Literary Work “Klong Lokanitti”
This article aims to study and compare the similarities and differences between the characteristics of junzi and “(nak) prat/pundit” as used in the didactic literary works Caigen tan and Klong Lokanitti respectively. The results find that the two terms are quite similar regarding their personality traits, that is, being a person of thinking and wisdom, morality, honesty, etc. In terms of their differences, due to the influence of three lines of philosophical thought, namely Confucius, Taoism, and Buddhism in Chinese society, and the influence of Buddhist doctrines in Thai society, it may be divided into 3 points, namely: 1) Chinese society emphasizes teaching principles of conduct for the peaceful coexistence of people in society according to Confucius' guidelines, regardless of one’s family background, whereas in Thai society, some people still believe that being a pundit runs in the family. It is innate wisdom without being taught by anyone; 2) Chinese society emphasizes living a simple, moderate way of life following the Taoist principles, whereas Thai society emphasizes knowing how to assess people and how to behave ourselves; 3) Chinese society emphasizes letting go and not be attached to all things following the Zen Buddhist philosophy, whereas Thai society emphasizes faith in the Dhamma and the learning and seeking of Dhamma teachings. Therefore, it may be concluded that the good role models that are admirable in both works are similar in essence, with only minor differences in details.